The judiciary constitutes the third branch of the central government. It operates as a unified judicial system, with no distinction between religious courts and civil courts. Judges are classified as judges of lower courts, higher courts, or the Supreme Court. The judiciary is overseen by the Chief Justice, who, along with the judges, is appointed by the President of the Republic with the approval of parliament.
Judges hold their positions as long as their performance is satisfactory, and they carry out their duties with complete freedom and independence from any external influence.
Judicial proceedings are conducted publicly, and judges’ salaries are determined by parliament. The constitution stipulates that their salaries cannot be reduced while they are in office. Judges may only be removed for clear incompetence, and reassignment are exclusively managed by the Chief Justice. Judges collectively or individually have the right to challenge the constitutionality of laws and to refuse enforcement of any law they deem unconstitutional.
The judiciary includes a High Court of Appeals, established by the constitution, to oversee all courts, resolve disputes between states, and interpret the constitution. The High Court of Appeals consists of five judges presided over by the Chief Justice, issuing rulings by majority vote. Dissenting opinions are recorded, and the Chief Justice has a casting vote when necessary.
There is an administrative court to adjudicate disputes that arise between the government and individuals or entities. Additionally, there is a Constitutional Court of Justice to hear cases concerning the constitutionality of laws, and its rulings can be appealed to the aforementioned High Court of Appeals.